Lesson 1 - Matter in Our Surroundings
Matter in Our Surroundings
Matter
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
- Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is matter.
- Matter is made up of tiny particles which cannot be seen through the eye.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
1. Particles of matter are very small
2. Particles of matter have spaces between them
3. Particles of matter are always in motion
4. Particles of matter attract each other
States of Matter
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Plasma
- BEC (Bose-Einstein-Condensate)
(A) Solid
- Fixed shape and volume
- Strong intermolecular force
- Particles are tightly packed
- Cannot be compressed
- Do not flow
(B) Liquid
- Fixed volume but no fixed shape
- Takes shape of container
- Particles less tightly packed
- Can flow
- Slightly compressible
(C) Gas
- No fixed shape or volume
- Fill entire container
- Very weak intermolecular force
- Highly compressible
- Particles move very fast
(D) Plasma
(E) Bose - Einstein Condensate
Physical Nature of Matter
- A physical property is that aspect of the matter that can be observed or measured without changing its nature or composition.
- It is independent of the amount of matter present.
- Physical properties include appearance, colour, odour, density, texture, melting point, boiling point, solubility, etc.
Diffusion
- During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.
- The rate of diffusion increases with increase in the temperature, due to increase in kinetic energy of the particles.
Examples of diffusion in gases:
• The aroma of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a considerable distance due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a burning incense stick spreads all around due to diffusion.
• The fragrance of a perfume spreads due to the diffusion of the perfume particles into air.
Examples of diffusion in liquids:
• Colour of potassium permanganate is acquired by water, on its own, due to the diffusion of potassium permanganate particles in water.
• The spreading of ink in water, on its own, is due to the diffusion of ink particles in the water.
Examples of diffusion in solids:
• If two metal blocks are bound together tightly and kept undisturbed for a few years, then the particles of one metal are found to have diffused into the other metal.
• If we write something on a blackboard and leave it undisturbed for atleast 10 to 15 days, we will find that it becomes quite difficult to clean the blackboard afterwards. This is due to the fact that some of the particles of chalk have diffused into the surface of the blackboard.
Effect of change of temperature on state of matter
- As a result, the state of matter begins to change.
- Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
- Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.
Melting point
- At melting point, these two phases, i.e., solid and liquid are in equilibrium, i.e., at this point both solid state and liquid state exist simultaneously.
- Melting point is the characteristic property of a substance. For example, melting point of ice is 0°C (273 K).
Boiling point
- Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
- At the boiling point, the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
- For example, boiling point of water is 100°C. (Or 100°C = 273 + 100 = 373K)
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