Lesson 1 - Matter in Our Surroundings

 Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter

  • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
  • Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is matter.
  • Matter is made up of tiny particles which cannot be seen through the eye.
The particles of which the matter is comprised, influence its state and properties (physical and chemical).

Characteristics of Particles of Matter 

1. Particles of matter are very small

Particles of matter are tiny atoms or molecules, too small to see without a microscope—a single gram holds trillions of them. 

For example, a few crystals of potassium permanganate color a whole bucket of water because the particles spread out easily. 

This shows matter is made of these minuscule, mobile building blocks.

2. Particles of matter have spaces between them

This characteristic provides the solubility of a substance in other substances.

For example, on dissolving sugar in water, there is no rise in water level because the particles of sugar get into the interparticle spaces between the water particles.

3. Particles of matter are always in motion

Particles of the matter show continuous random movements due to the kinetic energy they possess.

A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, making them move more vigorously.

4. Particles of matter attract each other

In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting between the particles. 

To break a substance, we need to overcome this force. The strength of the force differs from one substance to another.

States of Matter

• Matter can be classified on the basis of interparticle forces and the arrangement of particles:
  • Solid
  • Liquid 
  • Gas
  • Plasma
  • BEC (Bose-Einstein-Condensate) 

• These three forms of matter are interconvertible by increasing or decreasing pressure and temperature. 

For example, ice can be converted from solid to a liquid by increasing the temperature.

(A) Solid

  • Fixed shape and volume
  • Strong intermolecular force
  • Particles are tightly packed
  • Cannot be compressed
  • Do not flow
Examples: Ice, wood, stone

(B) Liquid

  • Fixed volume but no fixed shape
  • Takes shape of container
  • Particles less tightly packed
  • Can flow
  • Slightly compressible
Examples: Water, milk, oil

(C) Gas

  • No fixed shape or volume
  • Fill entire container
  • Very weak intermolecular force
  • Highly compressible
  • Particles move very fast
Examples: Air, oxygen, carbon dioxide

(D) Plasma

The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the form of ionised gases. 
The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.

(E) Bose - Einstein Condensate

Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding the fifth state of matter.
Based on his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state of matter called the Bose-Einstein Condensate. 
The Bose-Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely
low density to super low temperatures

Physical Nature of Matter

  • A physical property is that aspect of the matter that can be observed or measured without changing its nature or composition.
  • It is independent of the amount of matter present.
  • Physical properties include appearance, colour, odour, density, texture, melting point, boiling point, solubility, etc.

Diffusion

When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the phenomenon is called diffusion. 
For example, spreading of ink in water.

  • During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.
  • The rate of diffusion increases with increase in the temperature, due to increase in kinetic energy of the particles.

Examples of diffusion in gases:

• The aroma of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a considerable distance due to diffusion.

• The fragrance of a burning incense stick spreads all around due to diffusion.

• The fragrance of a perfume spreads due to the diffusion of the perfume particles into air.

Examples of diffusion in liquids:

• Colour of potassium permanganate is acquired by water, on its own, due to the diffusion of potassium permanganate particles in water.

• The spreading of ink in water, on its own, is due to the diffusion of ink particles in the water.

Examples of diffusion in solids:

• If two metal blocks are bound together tightly and kept undisturbed for a few years, then the particles of one metal are found to have diffused into the other metal.

• If we write something on a blackboard and leave it undisturbed for atleast 10 to 15 days, we will find that it becomes quite difficult to clean the blackboard afterwards. This is due to the fact that some of the particles of chalk have diffused into the surface of the blackboard.

Effect of change of temperature on state of matter

On increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the matter increases and they begin to vibrate with a higher energy. Therefore, the interparticle force of attraction between the particles reduces and particles get detached from their position and begin to move freely.
  • As a result, the state of matter begins to change.
  • Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
  • Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.

Melting point

The melting point of a solid is defined as the temperature at which solid melts to become liquid at the atmospheric pressure.
  • At melting point, these two phases, i.e., solid and liquid are in equilibrium, i.e., at this point both solid state and liquid state exist simultaneously.
  • Melting point is the characteristic property of a substance. For example, melting point of ice is 0°C (273 K).

Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling, at atmospheric pressure, is called its
boiling point.
  • Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
  • At the boiling point, the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
  • For example, boiling point of water is 100°C. (Or 100°C = 273 + 100 = 373K)

Latent heat of vaporisation

It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a liquid into gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from its solid phase to gaseous phase without changing into the liquid phase (or vice versa) is called sublimation.
Examples:- Camphor, Naphthalene, Ammonium Chloride, Solid carbon dioxide and Iodine.

Change of State of Matter (Phase transition)

Interconversion of States of Matter

The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then back to the
original state is called the interconversion of states of matter.


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